Process of making motor-fuel.



w. A. HALL.

PROCESS OF MAKING MOTOR'FU'EL.

APPLICATION FILED lAN.23| 1915.

1,175,910. I PatentdiMar. 14, 191-6.

anolo,

WILLIAM AUGUSTUS HALL, 01? NEW YURI, N. Y. 4

rnoonss or 'xrno Moron-roan.

Specification of- Iietters Patent.

' Application filed January 28, 1915. Serial No. 3,955.

To all 1012 0111- it may concern: a

Be it known that I, VILLIAM AUoUs'rUs .HALL, a citizen of the .UnitedStates of:

America, and residing. at New York .city',

- New York, United States of America, have invented a certain new anduseful Improvement in Processes of Making Motor-Fuel, of

which the following is 'a specification.

This invention relates to the production of a new fuel suitable for usein automobile engines and possessing peculiar and highly valuablequalities not possessed by the 'ordinary gasolene of commerce.

It is "a slow burning fuel yet has an initial boiling point as low asgasolene and as large fractions volatile at low temperature say below 80C.

lt'is'substantially free from liability to pre ignite and therefore inan engine using the fueh'knoc'king does not occur even with the sparkadvanced, to so great an extent as with ordinary gasolene. As a directresult there is much less wear and tear on the engine, and the enginecan be operated while under full load at lower engine speed oron ahighergear than when run on gasolene,

' which, means a considerable savingin fuel and owingto itslarge.fractionsfvolatilo at low temperatures great flexibility andquickness of ,accelerationis obtained. It

consumption, less frequent changing of -gears'and slipping of clutches.Such fuel .has been found particularly advantageous for use in",commercial vehicles and in city traffic where frequent stopping and starting isrequired. This new fuel produced in the-manner hereinafter described canbe out at a higher temperature thancan a gas oleneit can be cut sa'yat180 C. as comparedawith 160 'C. in the casezof an ordinary gasolene. Itslarger fractions volatile at low temperature have been: found to carrycomplete combustion to. the fractions volatile only at thehighestternperaf hires, a considerably'increased mileage per gallonconsumed being-the result The lowflash point and low initial boilingpoint give in an engine; run on the fuel, greatiease 1n startmg in coldweather,

J has been found that as great flexibility and ease of'starting can beobtained with this fuel when out at 180C. and of specific gravity;0.760as can be obtained-on gasoleno of specific gravity 0.73:0ifcut at 160 C.A -distinguishingvcharacteristicofhe new n the pipe re of cracking'wrtha minimum of fixed or permanent gas consistent .withf economy ofpressure.

' fuel is that it contains a proportion of unwould be permanent underordinary conditions of temperature and pressure, and a vapor of ahydrocarbon spirit which vapor if condensed to a liquid in the customarymanner at atmospheric teniperature,, would not answer the purpose of asatisfactory motor fuel, the combination of the ennanent gas andvapor'being effected by'mechanical compression at a temperaturesufficiently high to maintain the spirit portion .r eeatea Mar. re;1916.

under treatment, largely or wholly in the g state of vapor. The processof production therefore has as its main feature the bring ing about ofthis endothermic reaction the otherstages being the production of thegas and vapor the bringing of them into the rightcondition for reactionand the treatment subsequent to the reaction to produce a refinedspirit. The process thusconsists of the followingsteps': I

-1. Cracking an ;oil'(-which may be crude, gas, fu'el,. lamp or almostany distillate that in itselfi has ,a range of boiling temperatures thatwould not permit its useas a fuel the ordinary automobile engine).-'

in a continuous-tube of small size, one-to three inches, and ofs'uflicient length,[at an average temperature of from,540 C. to.

600 C. on the exterior of the tube and under pressure preferably-ofabout 75 lbs.

per square inch, with aspeedof flow of oil lated to produce aemaximumoperation. 4 V v V 2.. Expanding the product subseq uent to thecracking-operation; by .reduo ngythe 3. G oling, the vaporsfandgaseswhen .in

this on ended state and from? them scpa:

[ins

rating ractions which have relatively h l we:

heat to other bodies.

4. Producing an endothermic chemical reaction between the gases andvapors, by compressing the same, under substantially adiaaticconditions, in a mechanical compressor to a pressure preferably from 100to 125 lbs.

per'square inchtogether with all the gas that has been produced. alongwith all the spirit vapors that boil below the point of cut, admittingthese into the cylinder of the compressor 'at a temperature suflicientlyhigh that they enter while in the shape of vapor and mist, the fixed gasthat-has not been attached being permitted to separate after coolingsubsequent to the mechanical compression and be collected for. other usesubsequent to compression. I use the term adiabatic, in' thisspecification in the same sense in which said term is defined in Hastingand Beachs General Physics, (published, Boston 1899) in which it isstated that a body is said to undergo an adiabatic change when itscondition is altered, without its gaining or losing heat, to other-bodies. In theprocess of the present inven-' tion, I compressthe gases andvapors, without materially adding to or taking away from the number ofheat units present in the gases and vapors, by any influences. outsidethe gases and vapors present. There may, of course, be a small amount ofheat radiated or otherwise lost from the surface ozf thecompressor,-'tothe outside atmosphere, but vI donot purposely take away or add to theheat units. It is to be noted, that theendothermi'c reaction which'takesplace in the gases themselves is not gaining or losing 5. Clarifying anddeodorizing the product by extract ng-the yellow resinous colloidalanatter which it contains, preferably by distilling it in the presenceofa small amount of fullers earth:

The accompanying drawing illustrates an apparatus suitable for carryingout the process. up to the condensation of the motor fuel. The refiningof the product may be performed In apparatus which is 'well knownforthepurpose and which it is not necessary to' illustrate.

In-the practice of this process I start with a crude oil or a distillatewhich may be a v result. The coil may of about 0.860 specific gravity ora fuel oil of say 0.950 specificgravity or a oil' of about 0.82 specificthe process is adapted to This oil is" being determined by a pyrometer6, the thermo-couple of which is. placed in the center of the nest oftubes 4. The temperature of the gases and vapors inclosed in the tubesmay be of somewhat lower temperature than that existingat theexteriorjof the tube, opposite the samepoint, varying with the speed offlow of the fluidin the coil' and slightlv'higher at the bottom ofthebends and slightly lower at the top. As an example, the oil is pumpedthrough this coil of tubes at about the rate of 50 to 70 the quality ofthe oil used. The length oftubing of coil 4 is about 320 feet. The rateof flow and the length of coil mentioned are simply given as examples ofrate and length producing good results; the rate of flow' may gal- 'lonsper hour which rate will be varied with be increased or reduced byquitea considerable amount without greatly changing the be increased inlength but if of 1 pip,e.could not be reducedmuch ing the result. 7 Thecoil 4 may be heated with a flame of gas or by the combustion of manner.In the coil 4.. the oil is partially cracked and there is produced aconsiderable amount of gas which would remain as permanent gas underordinary conditions.

From eoil 4.- the gases and cracked oil in the state. ofvapor pass inthe direction of the arrow through pipe 7 which is fitted with abelowthe figure mentioned without changoil, coal or coke, or in any othersuitable valve 8.- This valve 8 is used as the main throttle and governsthe amount of oil pass.

ing through coil and also governs the pres-. sure maintained 111 saidcoil. A pressure of about 75 lbs. per square inch maintained in 'coilf lappears to give the best results. After 1 passing the valve 8 the gasesare. permitted to expand into the dephlegmatorQfitted with an air jacket10 and preferably filled with short pieces of pipe or kindred shapes orthe like 11 wherein the pressure is decreased from 75 lbs. per squareinch (thepressure square inch or less and the temperature reduced downto about 325 0. Carbon 1s thrown out in large quantities by the expan-.sion of'the gases and'collects on the filling material in this and thesucceeding 'dephlegmator. v

The portions of oilnot volatile 'at" the within the coil ,4) down toabout 10 lbs. per

temperature of about 325 C. condense in dephlegmator 9 and are extractedfrom the bottom by way of a pipe12 in the-form of-a i so called. heavyresidue o'f;a gravity of 7 about 1.0. The more'volatile portions pass onthrough pipe '13 in'the direction of. the

arrow and through a similar dephlegmator' 14 where the temperaturejisreduced to' the pointvwhere it ,is desired to make the final i ".cut,usually about C. the condensable portion being extracted by wavof a pipe.15

from the bottom of the dephlegmator l i,

compressing the partially cooled, but still warm vapors and gas fromwhich the fractions' of high boiling points have been separated toattach portions of the gas to the vapors, cooling 'andcondensing theproducts resulting from the compression under substantially the pressureof compression there-. by forming a liquid, removing the portions of gasnot aflixed to vapor on compression odorizing the liquid product.

and condensation, and clarifying and de- 5. Processof producing fromminera a liquid fuel suitable for use in automobile engines consistingin cracking .an oil at a .hlgh temperature 'under pressurev to producegasesandvapors, expanding the gases and vapors to deposit solid mattercarried by the gases, partially cooling the gases products resulting"rom the compressiom andvapors to remove the fractions boiling at'highpoints, from those boiling at low points mechanically compressing thehot. vaporsand gas from which the fractions. boiling at high points havebeen extracted, o attach portions of the. gas to. the ,va-

pors formed,-. coolin and condensing the under substantially the.pressure of compres si'ontherebyforming ,a li 'uid, removing the'portionsof gas. not a xed to vapor durm .the compression and.condensation and c arifying and deodorizin'g' the liquid product. '7.Process of; producing from mineral oil .a liquid fuel suitable for 1 usein automobile I engines consisting in cracking an oil at ahigh-temperature underpressure- -to pro;

due gases and vapors, r

mediately subsequent to their production, passing the gases and vaporsthrough 'a dephlegmator to remove the fractions boiling at high pointsfrom. those boiling at'- low points, "mechanically compressing thewarmvapors and gas from which the frac- 'tions boiling-at highfpointshave been. ex-

tracted to attach portions. of the gas to the vapor formed. cooling andcondensing the products resulting from the compression undersubstantiallv the pressure of compres-' sion thereby forming a liquid,remov ng the Y portions of gas not afiixed to'vanor on compression} andcondensation, and clarifying anddeodorizing the liquid-product;

8..Process of producing from mineral .oil

a liquid fuel suitable for use automobile, "1 engines consisting. incracking oil under a pressure of about lbs:. p'er squareinch,= g g V--'coolingtsa-id gases'and. vapors, and there;

a at a' temperature of from about 540'-. C. to-

j 'C.'-to prod'uce gases and vapors, releasing" the ofthe gasesand'vapors oil.

I easing the pres- .sure of the gases and vapors produced'im immediatelysubsequent to their'production;

passing such gases and vapors through a material on which any freecarbon carried by the gases will' deposit, partially condensing the asesand vapors to remove the fractions boiling at high points from those.

-boiling at low. points, mechanically com pressing the portions boilingat thelower temperature along with the gas to 'a' pres-.

sure of not less thanabout 125 lbs. per square inch the hot vapors andgasfrom which the fractions boiling at high points have beenextracted,to attach portions of the gas to the vapor-formed, cooling andcondensingthe products resulting from the compression under substantially thepres:

sure of compression whereby to form a liq-' uid, removing the portionsof gas not chemically affixed to vapor on compression and condensation,and clarifying and deodoriz to produce cracking, extracting the highboiling pointfractions from the cracked -products, compressing theremainder of the -productfivhilefin the vapor and gaseous -statesuiiiciently to produce an endothermic reaction between such gas andvapor, and

clarifying'and deodorizi'ng the product by distillation with-mineralmatter. =10.. Inthe cracking of oil andthe production of motorspirittherefrom, the step of subjecting the 'warm vapors and gases to asuflicient increaseof pressure to effect a I lowering oftemperaturetherein. 7

- 11. The step of producing, by substamtially adiabatic compression of.the; gases" and vapors produced --by cracking oils" an' endothermicchemical reactiontherein. f-

. 12. In the process of; producing motor fuel from hydrocarbon oils; thestep -of cracking theoils,and thereafter subjecting.

at least aportion of the gases and vapors 'producedtherefrom, to asuflicient increase in. pressure,-

produce janbndothermic chemical-reaction: therein. ,1

13.11 processof producing from-mineral oil, a liquidifuel suitablefor-use ininternal' combustion engines, consisting in; cracking the oil.imder pressureto' produce gases and vapors, expandingv saidgases and:vapors" and thereafter subjecting .saidand vapors'toan increase inpressure, suflicient to produce an endothermic reaction'ther'ein. I

- 14. A proce$ of producing from mineral oil, a liquid fueL suitable.for use in auto mobile engine s, which comprises crackingmineraloil'under pressure to produce light vapors and: heavy yaporsj',partially after subje'cting the uncondensed portion ther of 99- ins re iW? mi to produce anendothermic reaction in saw gases and vapors.

carbons, which comprises subjecting the gasesand vapors resultingfromthe-crackingand gasifying of hydrocarbon oils, to

so .great an increase of; pressure, without heating or cooling thesemi-gases and vapors from the outside, to any substantial amount, vwhile the gases and vapors are in a,

heated. state, as to produce an endothec volatile hydroreaction therein,and subsequently condensing the products-so formed.

.17.. In the production of motor fuel, the step of subjecting gases andvapors producedby cracking oils, .to so great an in-' crease of.pressure while at a temperature materially below 325 (3., as to producean endothermic reaction therein.

In testimony whereof I have'signed my name to this. specification in thepresence of two subscribing witne 1 AUGUSTUS a.

R. i MS, D. Jarmsora

